There are three main argument types: inductive, deductive, and abductive.
Deduction
All beans in that bag are white.
These beans are from that bag.
Therefore, these beans are white.
Induction
These beans are from that bag.
These beans are white.
Therefore, all beans in that bag are white.
Abduction
These beans are white.
All beans in that bag are white.
Therefore, these beans are from that bag.
Most of these arguments involve probability, not certainty. Here is a great diagram of the three main guesses in logic from @elzr. All three framed as broad patterns of conjecture, not infallible rules.
Deductive arguments can be either valid or invalid.